In 2022, Geggi offered superscript and subscript icons that he had submitted for consideration in numixproject. (They look the same as the numix in the screenshot. And they match of that Adwaita screen capture too.)
Numix works well as you can see from my screenshot. I can’t find any superscript or subscript icons in Adwaita though. What you see in my screenshot are a couple of fallback icons that I created using Inkscape.
I understand. You expressed dissatisfaction with the appearance. The icons created by geggi or adapted by me (in Inkscape) could be used as fallback icons if you like them better.
the big difference seems to be that the shape of the ‘a’ and ‘ab’ of the other 3 options fit the other Adwaita icons. With less font shape change the eye is drawn more toward the numbers
geggi’s variation with the letter being greyed out but with the number in black is interesting. Properly speaking, it means the strikethrough and underline icons should be tweaked to grey out the letter and leave the horizontal strokes in black.